History of the Mamluks in Egypt
Mamluk state or the Mamluk or Mamluk Sultanate state or the Mamluk Sultanate is one of the Islamic countries they have in Egypt during the end of the third Abbasid era, and extended its borders later to include Syria and the Hijaz, and as long as their King from the fall of the Ayubí 648 approved for the year 1250 e, until the Ottoman Empire reached the peak of its power Sultan Selim I annexed the Levantine and Egyptian houses to his state after the Mamluks were defeated in the battle of Ridania in 923 AH (1517 AD).
Historians divide the Mamluk state into two or two branches: the state of the marine Mamluk and the status of the Mamluk tower. The rule of marine rompers from the year 648 AH corresponding to the year 1250 AD to the year 784 AH corresponding to the year 1382 AD, most of them were Turks and Mughals. The Mamluks ruled from 784 AH corresponding to 1382 AD until 923 AH corresponding to 1517 AD, and were Circassian.
The Mamluks, whose origins were slave warriors, were recruited by the first Abbasid caliphs of Turkestan, the Caucasus, etc., and made them their bodyguards and commanders of the Muslim armies, and the influence of the Mamluks increased over time until they dominated the caliphate and the decision-making center. These sultans and princes followed the caliphate in Baghdad, each with a group of powerful and militarily powerful Mamluks, and these Ayubi sultans who ruled Egypt and the Levant under Abbasid rule. When the last of the sultans of the children of Ayyub, the good king Najm al-Din Ayyub, died in 647 AH (1249 AD), his wife Shajr al-Durr hid his death until his son Turan Shah came from the island of Fratia to Cairo. Turan Shah tried to introduce his Mamluks who took him with him from the island.
The Mamluks emerged as the savior of the Islamic world from loss and disappearance after the fall of Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid state and the Islamic caliphate, to the Mongols under the leadership of Hulaku Khan, and the assassination of the last successor of the Abbasid Abu Ahmad Abdullah, who was the god of God. The Mongols marched to invade the Levant and threatened Egypt with a fate similar to Baghdad so that Islam would no longer exist. Mamluk Sultan Seif al-Din Qutz sent an army to Palestine to repel Mongol advance and protect the hearts of Islamic lands On the heels. In addition, the Mamluks inherited their determination to fight against the Crusaders and evacuate them from the East, so they almost finished fighting the Mongols until they went to fight the Crusaders.
The apparent king, Baybars, was the first to follow jihad against the Crusaders. His frank emirate has ceased to exist. Sultan Saif al-Din Qalawun completed the work of his predecessor, Baybars. Sultan Qalawun died in 1290 AD and was preparing a campaign to claim Acre. His fall, the main port of the Crusaders, aroused great anxiety and panic in them, and evacuated from other cities that were left in his hands, such as Tire, Sidon and Beirut, and boarded the sea back home, ending the Crusades after Nine hundred and four years.
The Mamluks revived the Abbasid caliphate in Egypt after the fall of Baghdad, but it was a decorative figure that the Mamluk sultans intended to turn into a support for their sultanate and a spiritual support for him.
The Mamluk era is the beginning of the role of decay in the history of Islamic civilization, but this does not mean that this era was quite inefficient, as it witnessed several scientific and intellectual achievements, but Islamic civilization began to decline in that period. In the field of science, Cairo, Damascus and Hama were one of the most important ophthalmology centers in the world. As for literature, history and religion, some of the greatest scholars and the most prolific Muslim authors have emerged, such as Ibn Khalikan, author of The Death of the Elders in the Seer, Abu Al-Fida, author of the Calendar from countries in geography, Al-Suyooti, Ibn Khaldun and Al-Maqrizi, »They are one of the most famous Muslim historians. Some of the Mamluk sultans were famous for encouraging science and honoring academics and for generously spending money on establishing schools and libraries.
The Carthaginian school in Tripoli, Syria.
The Al-Azhar mosque in the Mamluk period also became an important university, teaching the doctrines of the Sunnis and the four communities along with other sciences. The economic situation in the Mamluk state worsened during the last era of the Tower due to the state of anxiety and instability caused by internal struggles and coups, the many wars fought by the Mamluks against the Mongols, the Crusaders and others, and for the interruption of trade with Europe due to the feelings of fear, hatred and distrust that Europeans left. Muslims, as well as the spread of hunger and epidemics, especially the plague epidemic that in 1348-1349 killed more than a million people, and finally due to the greed and selfishness that Iike made them direct economic policy of the State based on your personal interests.
This was one of the factors that contributed to the acceleration of the fall of the state in the hands of the Ottomans, and the aspiration of the people of the Levant and Egypt to these saviors.
State designation
The designation of the Mamluk state or the Mamluk Sultanate is a relatively recent historical designation coined by contemporary scholars and historians.
Contemporary Arab references to the reign of the Mamluk era called this state "the state of the Turks" or "the state of the Turks" or the "Turkish state."
In the era of the Mamluk towers, the state was called the "Circassian State" or the "Turkish Circassian State", since the Circassian (Circassian) Mamluks spoke Turkish since they were brought to Egypt in the hands of the Turkish Mamluks.
Another nomenclature adopted by Muslim historians is also ancient, though rare: "maritime status" and "tower status," in each individual era, and these names are common in the current era to distinguish between the two Mamluk pacts. This state was also known as the "Mongolian state," during a brief period of his life, during the Sultanate of Adil Katbga being a Mongolian. During the reign of the Qalawun dynasty (678–784 AH / 1279–1382), the state was known as the “State of Bani Qalawun” or “the State of Qalawun,” as was previously known in the reign of Al-Zahir Baybars and his two sons, Al-Nasir al-Din Muhammad and Adil Badr al-Din Slamash. ».
The origins of the Mamluks
The Mamluk, compiled by the Mamluks, is the slave who was exiled and did not own his parents, and the slave was the king who possessed him and his parents. The slave is owned and sold.
The term soon took on a special terminology in Islamic history, from the time of the Abbasid caliph Abu al-'Abbas 'Abdullah al-Ma'mun (198 - 218 AH / 813 - 833 AD), then Abu Ishaq Muhammad al - Mu' tasim Billah (218-227 AH / 833-842 AD) A group of white slaves, the caliphs, the high-ranking leaders and the saints in the Abbasid Caliphate State bought them in the white slave markets to use as special military equipment, in order to trust them to consolidate their influence. Over time, the Mamluks became the only military tool in some Muslim countries. Its source was, then, a land beyond the river. The cities of Samarkand, Fergana, Asherusna, Gasa and Khwarizm were known as the main export sources for white slaves of Turkish origin. This was done in one of three ways: buying, capturing in wars or giving gifts to the provinces of countries beyond the river in the form of slaves for the caliph.
It seems that the Caliph al-Mu'tasim is the first caliph that was based mainly on the Turkish element, due to its distinct combat capacity, so the Turkish Guard became a pillar of the caliphate during its reign, which has surpassed since I was a prince. Every year he sent to those who bought it, until about three thousand met him on safe days.
The caliphate was carried out in conditions of violent conflict between the Arabs, on the one hand, and the Persians, on the other, in addition to the imbalance between the elements that formed the Abbasid caliphate. The protester did not trust the Persians due to the bad relationship between them and the Abbasis from the safe passage of Mero to Baghdad and the inability to reconcile the interests of both parties, and did not trust the Arabs due to the great volatility and turmoil and their actions against the caliphs, in addition to the fact that they lost a lot of time. . These data led the Caliph al-Mu'tasim to entrust his personal security to a division of the Turkish elements.
He dedicated them to influence, imitated them to command armies, empowered them on earth and made them a superior center of politics. As soon as their power grew, they began to intervene in the affairs of the caliphate, until the Abbasid caliphate became their hands, doing what they wanted, isolating one caliph and taking control of another, so that some caliphs were killed As a result of their conspiracies.
The Turkish element became an important pillar in Islamic society since the second Abbasid era (232-334 AH / 847-946 AD), and the independent states with Turkish and Persian origins were in the state of the Abbasid caliphate after the weakness of the dictatorship. Especially the workers and loyalists of the parties that
The Mamluks in Egypt
The use of the Mamluks in the army of the state of Egypt until the era of Tulunida, when he named the Abbasid caliph Abu Abbas Abbas dependent on God Ahmed bin Tolon, of Turkish origin, and governor of the Egyptian house in 263 AH corresponding to the year 877 AD, coveted this independence after it became all administrative and judicial military and financial work. To achieve his desire for independence in the government of Egypt, Ahmed bin Tulun saw that he supported his authority with a Mamluk army of Turks of his own race in addition to the Dilmi element.
Since then, the soldiers of Egypt and their rulers became Turkish Mamluks.
The Ikhshidid state, which succeeded the Tulunid state in Egypt, followed the latter's approach of relying on the Mamluks. The Mamluks of Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid, the founder of the Ikhshidid state, had about 8,000 Turkish Rompers and dilims, and were said to have been sleeping with a thousand Mamluk guards.
When the Fatimids seized Egypt in 358 AH corresponding to the year 969 AD, their first successors, from the days of Abu Tamim, the Mu'izz of the religion of Allah, were based on various elements of Turkish, black, Berber and culpeptic. The Fatimid Caliph Abu Mansoor Nizar al-'Aziz Billah used the Turk in public and leadership positions in the state, and preferred them to other ethnicities.
The influence of Turk Mamluks increased or decreased according to the direction of each Fatimid caliph separately. Original Mansour Anoushtekin. Al-Zahir took him to Damascus in 419 AH, corresponding to the year 1028.
The Fatimids were concerned about the education of their little Mamluks according to a special system.
In the year 567 AH corresponding to the year 1171 AD, the Fatimid state fell in Egypt and the Ayyubi state in its ruins, to open a new page in the history of the Near East and the Mamluks together. The Ayyubis, originally Kurds, were raised and their descendants grew up in the arms of the Turkish state of Seljuk and its monarchs, and transmitted many of their eastern Turkish customs and systems.
The Ayubis raised their Mamluks on the basis of the Mamluk-Samani Islamic system established by the Seljuk minister Nizam al-Malik and detailed in their book "Politics of Nam."
When Commander Assad al-Din Shirkuh went to Egypt to support the last Fatimid caliph Abu Muhammad Abdullah al-Adiid to the religion of God and to prevent the occupation of the country by the Crusaders, the majority of his army was made up of the Mamluks who They left the Cossacks, whose name was Asamal al-Asad.
After the death of Asad al-Din, the Mamluk Assadites supported their nephew Salah al-Din and supported him until he took office in Egypt.
The latter established for himself a special army, which was baptized by the Mamluk Assadites and Kurdish liberals, in addition to the Turkish Mamluks whom he bought for himself and called them "power" or "Nazareth," since his brother brother Abu Bakr He had a group of Mamluks called "Adil."
Groups of Asian Mamluks, Salih and Adilites participated in the various battles that Saladin fought against Muslim princes in order to achieve Islamic unity and against the Crusaders with the aim of expelling them from the houses of Islam. In fact, the Mamluks at this stage amounted to a force, which led Saladin to consult them and go out at will often. The number increased in Egypt and the Levant after the death of Salah al-Din in 589 AH corresponding to the year 1193 AD, notably, and arose after the intensification of competition and conflict between his heirs of his sons and brothers and nephews who shared among them the Ayyubi legacy.
As the Mamluks strengthened as a result of strong dependence on Ayyubi princes, they began to intervene.
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