Life Story of Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon, known by many other names, notably Alexander the Great, Alexander the Great, Alexander the Great, and Alexander Zulkarnayn (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας; Nakhra: Alexandros Omipas), is one of the kings of Macedonia and one of the most famous military leaders and conquerors throughout history. Alexander was born in the city of Villa around 356 BC, and was apprenticed by the famous philosopher and scientist Aristotle until his sixteenth spring. By his thirtieth year, he had founded one of the largest and greatest empires in the ancient world, which stretched from the coast of the Ionian west to the Himalayas to the east. He was one of the most successful military commanders of his career, having never been defeated in any battle he ever fought. Alexander succeeded his father, Philip II, the Macedonian "one-eyed," on the throne in 336 BC, after the latter was assassinated. Alexander inherited from his father a well-established kingdom and a powerful Armram army with veteran soldiers. He was granted the right to command the armies of all the countries of Greece. He took advantage of this to achieve his father's expansionist goals. He began in 334 BC in a campaign against Persia, where he managed to defeat the Persians and drive them out of Asia Minor, and then began to wrest their property one after another in a series of campaigns Military that lasted ten years. Alexander was able to break the Persian army and destroy the military power of the Achaemenid Persian Empire at several crucial points, most notably the battles of Issus and Gupmila. Alexander was eventually able to overthrow the Persian Shah Dara III, conquering the entire territory of his empire,
At this point, the territory under his control extended from the Adriatic Sea westward to the Indus River eastward.
Alexander was trying to reach "the end of the world and the great outer sea", he invaded India in 326 BC in an attempt to discover the way to that sea, but had to return to the insistence of the commanders of the soldiers and because of the army rebellion. Alexander died in Babylon in 323 BC, before embarking on several new military campaigns planned, the first of which was the conquest of the Arabian Peninsula. A few years after his death, fierce civil wars broke out among his followers that tore apart his empire, and several states, each ruled by a successor, were known as the kings of sects (Greek: Διάδοχοι, and Latin: Diadochi), and each of these kings was independent. He only owes allegiance to himself, and it was they who survived the commanders of Alexander's army and shared his campaigns in the past.
Alexander's legacy includes the cultural blending created by his conquests.He was able to mix Greek Hellenistic culture with the different oriental cultures of the peoples under his rule.He also founded more than twenty cities bearing his name in different parts of his empire, the most famous and most famous of which is the city of Alexandria in Egypt. Alexander's establishment of the many Greek colonies throughout the country led to the creation of a new Hellenistic civilization whose manifestations continued to be prominent in the traditions of the Byzantine Empire until the mid-15th century. Alexander became a prominent figure in Greek and international mythology, stories, and history, until he took the place of Achilles.He became the yardstick by which military commanders determine the success or failure of their march.Military schools around the world are still teaching his methods and war tactics to this day.
Alexander was born on the sixth day of the month of Hecatumbaion (Greek: τομϐατομϐαιών) according to the ancient Greek calendar, probably on July 20, 356 BC, in the city of Vila, capital of the Kingdom of Macedonia. His father is King Philip II, nicknamed the one-eyed, and his mother is Olympias, daughter of Neoptolem I, King of Epirus, the fourth wife of Philip. Although the latter was married to seven or eight women, Olympias was his favorite and closest relative for at least a period of time, probably because she had a male heir, Alexander.
Several myths surround Alexander's birth and upbringing. According to the ancient Greek writer Plutarch, Olympias saw in her sleep on the night of her marriage to Philip that a thunderbolt hit her womb, generating a fire that spread “everywhere” before it was extinguished. After a period of marriage, Philip was said to have seen himself in a dream sealing his wife's womb with a ring with a lion image. Plutarch, in his writings, offered several explanations for these dreams, such as: that Olympias was pregnant before marriage, which is evidenced by her sealed womb; The ancient newsmen were divided over whether Olympias had published the story of Alexander's divine origins, asserting it to Alexander himself, or whether it basically rejected this interpretation and considered it an infidel.
Philip II was preparing to besiege the colony of Gutidaya on the Chalkidiki peninsula on the day his son was born. On the same day he received news that one of his army's most prominent commanders, the Garmonians, had defeated and retaliated against an army of Allierians and Peyonians, and that his horses had won the organized race as part of the Olympics. It is also said that on this day the Temple of Artemis, one of the seven wonders of the world, was burned in Ephesus, and this incident made the historian Ephesias Magnesi to say that the temple was burned because Artemis was absent from him to witness the birth of Alexander and help his mother to endure the pains of labor. It is possible that these myths came into being when Alexander ascended the throne of the kingdom and grew with every new conquest.He may have deliberately rumored it, confirming that he was above ordinary human beings and that he was destined to be great since his mother took him.
During his early years, Alexander was raised by a nurse and maid named Lanik, the sister of Clitus the Black, a future commander in Alexander's army. Later, Alexander took disciples at the hands of Leonidus the Evrosian, a relative of his mother, and Lesimiachos, an army commander serving his father. Alexander grew up the noble Macedonian youth, learning to read, write, play harp, horse riding, wrestling, and hunting. When the king tried to ride the horse he resisted the latter and refused to allow him or anyone else to ride it, and ordered the king to slaughter him because he was untamed. However, Alexander asked his father to allow him to try to calm him down, saying that the Persians were afraid of his shadow. Philip accepted and allowed his son to try to tame the animal, and he succeeded and complied with the horse completely. Plutarch says that Philip was so excited by the courage and determination his son showed, kissed him and shed tears: “My son, you have to find a kingdom of nine ambitions. Macedonia is too small for you. ”He then bought the horse and gave it to his son. Alexander gave his horse the name «Posivalos» (in Greek: Βουκέφαλος or Βουκεφάλας), meaning «head of the bull». When he died of aging, Alexander gave his name to one of the cities he founded, the city of Bossifla, which was located east of the Indus River.
When Alexander was thirteen years old, his father began looking for a teacher taught by philosophy and various human knowledge.He was offered a large crowd of scholars from whom Aristotle chose him, and made the Temple of the Nymphs, the daughters of the god of the seas of Poseidon, a place to take him as a teacher. In exchange for his education, Philip agreed to rebuild the town of Stavira, the birthplace of Aristotle, which the king had previously leveled, and to resettle its inhabitants, to buy and liberate all those enslaved, to pardon those exiles and to invite them to return to their homes. This temple served as the Ascension School for Alexander and other sons of Macedonian nobles, such as Ptolemy, Hephaestion, and Kassander, who made it impossible for Alexander's closest friends, and his future army commanders, often referred to as the owners of Alexander and his comrades. These young people were taught the principles of medicine, philosophy, ethics, religion, logic, and art by Aristotle.Alexander showed great fondness for Homer's works, especially the epic of the Iliad.Aristotle offered him an annotated copy of it, which Alexander carried with him in all his military campaigns.
Alexander completed his education at the age of sixteen, and at that time his father Philip left to wage war on Byzantium, leaving the affairs of government in his country to his young son, and he ruled on behalf of his father as crown prince. After the departure of Philip, the Thracian Medieval tribes revolted against Macedonian rule, taking advantage of Alexander's age and lack of knowledge of political and military affairs.However, the latter surprised them and responded with a harsh response.He evacuated them from their areas and settled in Greece, and founded a city he called Alexandroupolis, the city of Alexander.
After Philip's return, Alexander was sent at the head of a small military force to southern Thrace to subdue the revolutions there. This campaign began with the attack on the city of Veerenthos, where Alexander is said to have saved his father's life when he was attacked. In Greek affairs, he argues that he defends religion and protects holy sites from desecration. While Philip was still busy with the conflict in Thrace, Alexander ordered to mobilize an army and prepare for a campaign against Greece. Alexander resorted to the trick and pretended that he intended to attack Aleria instead of Amphissa, fearing that other Greek cities would revolt and come to confront him and help her sister. In the midst of this chaos, the Illyrians actually attacked Macedonia, and Alexander rushed back.
Philip and his army joined Alexander in 338 BC, marching south through the "scorching gates", after fierce and stubborn resistance from the Tayyibi garrison camped in the area, and continued their path to conquer the city of Elatea, just a few days away from Thebes and Athens. The Athenians, led by the preacher Demostheni, voted to ally with Thebes to ward off the Macedonian danger, sending ambassadors to the city to inform them of the proposal.Fillip, at the same time, had sent ambassadors to attract the Tayyibis to his side, but the city's inhabitants rejected Macedonia's offer, preferring an alliance with their Athenian brothers. Philip and his soldiers marched until they reached Amphisa, arresting all the mercenaries sent by Demosthenes there to marry the Macedonian army.Then, the city surrendered to the Macedonians.Then they returned to Elatia, where Philip sent the last peace offer to both Athens and Thebes, but they rejected him again.
The Athenians and the Tayyibs were exposed to the Macedonian army as it headed south, cutting off the road near the town of Jaironia in the region of Biotia, to rub with him in a massive battle known as the Battle of Jaironia. During this battle, Philip took command of the right wing of the army, while Alexander took command of the left wing, accompanied by a group of trusted commanders. According to ancient sources, this battle was bitter, and it took so long that Phillip thought to deceive his opponents so that he could defeat them and resolve the matter in his favor.He ordered his soldiers to retreat in the hope that the Athenian military inexperienced in the affairs of war would follow him, so that he could break the ranks of the army. Alexander was the first to break the ranks of the Tayyibis, followed by the leaders of Philip, and when the latter saw that the army's cohesion had broken down after the Athenians followed him, he ordered his soldiers to advance and encircle them. The Tayyibi surrendered quickly after they saw their Athenian allies defeated and besieged
The Macedonians were victorious and Alexander was an ally and father.
After this great victory, Alexander and Philip marched to the Mora peninsula without anyone being exposed, but were welcomed by all Greek cities and opened their doors to the Macedonian army. However, the situation changed when they reached Sparta, as the city refused to open its doors but at the same time did not adopt the war option. Philip founded the Hellenic League in Corinth, deriving his idea from the Persians' anti-Persian alliance during the ancient Medieval Wars. He was subsequently proclaimed supreme leader of the Hellenic League, and soon announced his desire to conquer the Persian Empire, having united Greece.
After Philip returned to Vela, the capital of his king, he was fined and married to a woman named Cleopatra Euridis, the niece of one of his army commanders, Atalos. With this marriage, the position of Alexander as the heir to the throne became shaky.Any male boy born to Philip of this woman would be the crown prince, since he was born to Macedonian parents, while Alexander was half-Macedonian, only to his father. Historians recall that during the wedding feast, drunken Atalos prayed to the gods to give Philip a legitimate heir: «During the wedding of Philip and Cleopatra he was fond of and married, although she was much younger, her uncle Atalos, drunk with plenty of wine, To the Macedonians to appeal to the gods to give them a legitimate heir of his niece to inherit the kingdom after a while. This angered Alexander to such an extent that he pushed Khatib's head into one of the cups. Philip then leaned at Atalus's side, and almost killed his son, had it not been for the care of fate, and he would have lost his foot, either because of the intensity of his anger that blinded him, or because of the frequent drinking of wine, and he fell to the ground. Alexander scolded the audience and mocked him, saying, “Here's the man preparing for the invasion of Asia, he fell as he moved from one seat to another.” - Plutarch, describing the quarrel at the wedding of Filip Macedon.
After this incident, Alexander left Macedonia with his mother, and left it with her brother, his uncle, Alexander the Evrosi, in the city of Dodona, the capital of the Mulusian tribe. He then continued on his way to Aleria, where he took refuge in the king of the Illyrians, who received him warmly and honored him, although he had defeated his army a few years ago. Alexander spent almost six months in Aleria, during which one of the family's friends, the Corinthian Demratus, mediated with Philip to forgive his son and forgive him for what he had done. Alexander returned to Macedonia after being pardoned by his father, and the following year the Persian ruler of Karia offered to marry his daughter to Alexander's half-brother, Philip Arredaeus. Alexander, that this marriage project confirms the will of Philip J. Aarhidius was raised as his heir. Alexander sent an envoy named Thessaly the Corinthian to the Persian ruler, telling him that it was inappropriate for his position to offer his daughter's marriage to an illegitimate son, and that he should marry her to Alexander instead. When Philip learned the story, he immediately halted his negotiations with the Persian ruler, and Alexander rebuked him severely, telling him that what was unworthy of him was to take a Persian Persian wife, and that he intended to marry him with a better woman. Philip exiled four of Alexander's friends who pushed him into this work: Harpalus, Nirajos, Ptolemy, and Irphaeus, and brought the Corinthians to bring their compatriot Thessaly in shackles.
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