Modern Babylonian Empire
Modern Babylonian Empire
The Neo-Babylonian Empire was founded by the Nebulazar-Chaldean Empire in 627 BC and continued until 539 BC. They were liberated from the Assyrians after Nebulazar took control of the province of Babylon, which was under the rule of the Assyrians. Throughout the entire province of Babylon and the southern regions of Babylon, he was able to unite the Chaldean tribes, but the Assyrians continued to harass the Chaldeans and were intent on overthrowing the Tubulasir. Reyn from toppling the rule Alcaldaan this time as they did in the past several times, enabling Nabopolassar and in cooperation with the Medes of dropping the city of Nineveh, the capital of the Assyrians in 612 BC and the foundations of a great empire and marked the Chaldean and the arts and to construction science empire. The rulers of Babylon restored ancient Mesopotamian heritage, reviving the Sumerian - Akkadian heritage. Although Aramaic became the colloquial language of the Babylonians, the Akkadian language was the official language in official documents and circles.
History
Since 1894 BC. To the year 539 BC. In the city of Babylon, eleven dynasties of the kingdoms, the strongest and most famous are the first and last, the greatest of the first dynasty is Hammurabi Amorite (1792-1750 BC), and the second dynasty of Babylon at the head of the Arabian Gulf, which is called the dynasty sea towers or dynasty princes The Gulf (1740–1500 BC), and then the third dynasty, the dynasty of the Kachites (1595–1157 BC), the fourth dynasty (1156–1025 BC), and its eighth king was Adad Abal Adan Aramaic (1067– 1046 BC), then weak and dispersed strains of the fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth with the agreement and cooperation of the Babylonians with the Arameans (1024--732 BC), and during this period The Aramean tribes took control of most of the Euphrates valley south of Babylon, and then the Assyrians took control of the Ninth Dynasty of Babylon. The establishment of the tenth Babylonian dynasty (731--711 BC) and its most famous kings, Murdoch Baladan Aramaic (721--711 BC), leader of the Chaldean Emirate of Beth-Yaqini, Kuwait, the king of Babylon mentioned in the book (Isaiah 1:39), and travel ( 2 Kings 20:12) This king played a prominent role in supporting the Babylonians against the Assyrians. The materialists Kijasser and crawl on the areas of Assyria starting in the year 626 BC. Nineveh was the capital of the Assyrian state in 612 BC. M. The establishment of the eleventh Babylonian state or dynasty, which was considered a victory for Aramaic
This is the last Babylonian dynasty best known for its King Nebuchadnezzar and was overthrown by Cyrus the Persian in 539 BC.
This breed is called the second, last or modern Babylonian state or the 11th Babylonian dynasty
The Chaldean state, named after its founder Nabu Balasar, is a sheikh of the Aramaic Kulda tribe, as was the last Assyrian Syriac Empire (744--612 BC), named after King Sargon, the most famous of which is the Chaldean.
The Chaldean state lasted only seventy-three years (612--539 BC), so all historians and specialists call the dynasties established in Babylon before the establishment of the Chaldean state in 612 BC. By the Babylonian dynasties or states, not the Chaldeans, the Chaldean state ruled six kings: Nabu Blaser (612--605 BC), Nebuchadnezzar (604--562 BC), Oil Murdoch (561--560 BC), Nergal of Char Oser (559--556 BC), Bashi Murdoch (556 BC), and Nebonides (555--539 BC). The meaning of Chaldean and Chaldean is Chaldean: astronomer, astrologer, sorcerer, wizard
Therefore, the Chaldeans Aramaic tribe specialized in astrology and magic, and the book of Daniel illustrates this to the extent that Nebuchadnezzar made Daniel the prophet astrologer (Da 5:11), and Ibn Abri says that the name of Nebuchadnezzar means the protector of God's borders is Syriac meaning Mercury uttered, and in the dictionary of Hassan Ben Bahloul means "the image of Mercury". Historians, researchers and professors of history agree that the Chaldeans (the Nebuchadnezzar family) are Arameans, and because this is not disputed by two historians. Archbishop Adi Cher Chaldean Assyrian, James Breasted, Adon Pfenn, Israel and Wolfson, Teacher Lomon the French, Bishop Eugene Menna Chaldean, Rafael Babu Isaac, Father Albert Abona, Philip Hatti, Christostom Papadopoulos, a. Dupont Sommer, Carl Brockelmann, George Row, d. Antoine Motcart, d. Ramadan Abdo Ali, Taha Baqer, d. Abdulaziz Saleh, d. Helmy Mahrous, Robins Duval, d. Najib Mikhail, Ibrahim Al-Samarrai, Father Anastas Al-Karmali, Dr. Afif Bhansi, Ahmed Sousa, Fawzi Rashid, Ahmed Amin Selim, Hamed Abdel Kader, d. Shahat Zaghloul, d. Murad Kamel, d. Ali Abu Assaf, and many others.
The vast majority of these historians argue that Nabo Blaser Abu Nebuchadnezzar is the leader of the Aramaic tribe of Caledet, so researchers consider them to have close ties, relatives, a tribe, one lash and a single source.There are some writers and historians when they speak of the Chaldean state, which they refer to as the state formula. Chaldean Aramaic
.
I believe that the Nebuchadnezzar family descended from the Aramean Beth Yakini tribe, whose state was established between Nasiriyah and Basra in southern Iraq (now Tal al-Lahm), and the most famous of its kings, Murdoch Baladan Aramaic (721–711 BC).
Archaeologists and history say that the original Chaldean habitat is the shores of the Gulf in southern Iraq, and some of the researchers, such as Philip Dogorty and others that the Chaldeans came out of the Arabian Peninsula and rushed from this region and entered Iraq during the first millennium BC, taking the way of the coast of the Arabian Sea and then the Gulf Father Anastas Al-Karmali shares this view, and researcher Jawad Ali of Strabo tells us that the city of Gerrha, which is located at Al-Ahsa (currently Al-Ahsa) on the Gulf coast in Saudi Arabia, is home to the Chaldeans, where they enjoyed good relations. With Babylon.
There is no connection between the name of the Chaldean state founded by the Aramaic tribe leader Nabu Blaser and his son, Nebuchadnezzar, and the Ur name of the Chaldeans, which appeared in the Old Testament only four times to denote the southern Mesopotamia region from which Abraham the prophets came out. The Bible teachers gave the name of the Chaldeans to the language they are currently speaking. This is one of the Aramaic dialects that used to be the language of the country in the Babylonian Empire.
Professor Nahum Sarna, professor of biblical studies and head of Hebrew translation at Brandeis University in Boston, states: "It is wrong to tell Ur Chaldeans, because Ur was basically a Sumerian city."
The truth is that Greece, as a result of their great admiration for the last Babylonian state (Chaldean Aramaic) in which Babylon reached its peak after an eleven century recession (from the era of Hammurabi), and the events of the Chaldean state much in the Bible because of the presence of the Jews and the prophets of them wrote their news and a section From the books of the Chaldean state, when Greece translated the Bible in 280 BC in the days of King Ptolemy II Philadelphus from Hebrew in which the books of the Old Testament were written into Greek called the Septuagint, For books written centuries before the Chaldean state, they translated it into Chaldea or Chaldean, and called Babylon the country of the Chaldeans, but the Chaldeans themselves were not native to Babylon, and scholars did not find the name of Chaldea or Chaldeans until the ninth century BC and in the blogs of the Assyrian king Ashur Nasser Pal II (883--859 BC), where this name was given to a tribe that lived in the local bush near the Arabian Gulf
.
The German scholar Hock Winkler (1863–1913) suggests that it was Nebuchadnezzar and his powerful family that gave the Chaldeans a high place in Babylon and overwhelmed other ancient names. Even the historians of Greece and the Romans did not accuse other rulers of Babylon, calling them Chaldeans. They gave the name of the Chaldeans and the names of the other inhabitants of Babylon.
The word Al-Kassadani was later used by some as little as Ibn Khaldun, who used it more than once in his history, and the son of Al-Kassadani's brutality (914 AD), who states that he translated one of the books of Al-Kassadani written in the second century BC into Arabic (the book of Nabataean agriculture). The Kassadin were the ancient Syriac language.
The word Kassadon is the name of the southern region of Mesopotamia (Iraq) called Kesadia (Kedaya), and the people of the region are called Cassidians or Cassion after Cassid ibn Nahor of his wife Malika, daughter of Haran, in Genesis 22:22. (Joshua 24: 2) And Nahor is the brother of Abraham the son of Tarah, that is, Abraham is the uncle of a lion.
Therefore, the word Ur of the Chaldeans in the Old Testament of the Bible in Hebrew, which is written Ur is the same Chaldean There is no difference Ur Ur Chaldeans, note the pronunciation column in the Strong Dictionary of the Bible in the following table how to pronounce the word (Ur Chaldeans) word (Ur Cassidians) in Hebrew.
Genesis 11–28: Haran died before Terah his father in the land of his birth in Ur Chaldeans,
וַיָּ֣מָת הָרָ֔ן עַל־פְּנֵ֖י תֶּ֣רַח אָבִ֑יו בְּאֶ֥רֶץ מֹולַדְתֹּ֖ו בְּא֥וּר כַּשְׂדִּֽים.
Note Arabic translation Audio translation Pronounced No. Strong Hebrew origin
- 'âb awb H1 אב -' ûr oor H218 אוּר - 'erets eh'-rets H776 ארץ - hârân haw-rawn' H2039 הרן - kaώdîy kaώdîymâh {kas-dee '} kas-dee'כּשׂדּ ייה 37יה kaώdîy kaώdîymâh) {kas-dee '} kas-dee'-maw (Occasionally shown as the second form with enclitic; meaning towards the Kasdites); patronymic from H3777 (only in the plural); a {Kasdite} or descendant of Kesed; by implication a Chaldaean (as if so descended); also an astrologer (as if proverbial of that people): into {Chaldea}) patronymicallyn. from H3777 (only in the plural); a Kasdite; or descendant of Kesed; by implication a Chaldan (as if so descended) also an astrologer (as if proverbial of that people): {Chaldeans} {Chaldees} inhabitants of Chaldea.
This applies to the three remaining verses of Genesis (15: 9 as well as 11–31) and Nehemiah (9: 7). (See same dictionary.)
It is known that Abraham, his brothers, and his sons according to the Bible were Arameans according to their distant uncle Aram ibn Sam.
.
According to Deuteronomy 26: 5, Abraham was Aramaic: "Aramaic was lost, and my father was descended into Egypt, and he went down there in a few places, and there was a great, great and great nation." And Abraham recommended that his son Isaac marry a daughter of Aramaic from his tribe: My tribe goes and takes the wife of my son Isaac (Genesis 24: 4), "and Isaac married Rebekah the daughter of Bethuel the Aramaic," and Isaac was forty years old when he took for himself the wife of Rebekah the daughter of Bethuel the Aramean sister of Laban the Aramaic from Padan Aram (Gen 25:20). And Bethuel is the brother of Cassid the son of Nahor (Gen. 22: 21-23), that is, Bethuel is also the nephew of Abraham. Aramaic: "And Isaac left Jacob, and went to Padan Aram to Laban the son of Bethuel Aramaic brother Rebekah mother of Jacob and Esau (Gen 28: 5)."
As for Nahor Abu Kased, he is: Nahor, the brother of Ibrahim ibn Tarah, married to Malika, daughter of Haran in Ur, and then resided in the city of Nahor (Haran) in Aram Al-Nahrain (Haran), the city to which Abraham sent his servant to bring the wife of his son Isaac. Nahor of the queen of eight sons are, Awza, Boza, Kemuel, Hazo, Vladash, Yadlav, Bethuel, and these eight became later the ancestors of the Aramean tribes
.
According to Father Paul Feghali: Nahor, the brother of Abraham and Abu Kassad, was made by his very women for twelve tribes or settlements of Aramaic, eight of which are descended from his wife Melaka and four of his company, Raouma.In the later cuneiform texts we find the name of Nahor as the name of a person (Nahiri, Nahor) and place name Nahur, Tel Nhiri), a city in the Haran region of northern Mesopotamia on the right bank of the Khabur River, took on significance in the 2nd millennium BC. They played an important role in the correspondence of the Kingdom of Mary in th It was the capital of an Assyrian province, and in the 13th century BC it was attacked and destroyed by the Arameans. A city named Tel Nhiri was born in the 7th century.
. That is why the region of the Cassidians in southern Mesopotamia is called in the Christian sources (Beth Aramay), the house of the Arameans.
.
Robins Duval (1829–1911) asserts that the Arameans were the majority of Mesopotamia, Babylon, Erbil, Kirkuk, Urmia, and Ahwaz
. Chaldean Bishop Suleiman al-Sayegh states that some investigators have argued that the name of the Arameans was Chaldean and Assyrian.
.
According to Archbishop Eugene Menna Chaldean: All the ancient tribes in the vast vast countries limited to the Persians in the east and the Mediterranean in the west and the countries of Armenians and Greece in Asia Minor in the north and the borders of the Arabian Peninsula in the south were known all Bani Aram or Arameans, yes some of these tribes were called The names of the people of Babylon and the neighboring Chaldeans, the name of the inhabitants of the kingdom of Assyria, the Assyrians, and the name of the people of Syria by the Edomites.
As we have seen, the Chaldeans are an Aramaic tribe, and all historians support it.
.
Therefore, the language of the Chaldean Aramaic people was Aramaic (Syriac), and the ancient Akkadian language with the cuneiform alphabet had diminished and became almost dead and was limited to a few people, especially the army and the ruling class, who used it as a secret military language at times. The Chaldean victory and the people of the Chaldean state spoke Aramaic, “and the Chaldeans spoke to King Nebuchadnezzar in Aramaic” (Daniel 2: 4). It is noteworthy that when the Bible mentioned the Aramaic language spoken by the Chaldean people with King Nebuchadnezzar, it did not mention another language with it, that is, it did not say that the people spoke the king in Aramaic and not in Chaldean, Hebrew, Akkadian or others, as in verse 2: 18:26 When the Jews asked Rabshake to speak to them in Aramaic and not in Hebrew, the Hebrews said, "Eliakim the son of Hilkiah and Shebna and Joach told Rabshakeh, speak to your servants in Aramaic, because we understand him, and we have not spoken to the Jews." Times, this is proof that the ancient Akkadian language Of which it had decayed almost died and was not originally known days of the Chaldean name of the State.
Another undeniable evidence that the Chaldean people spoke Aramaic is that the thousands of Jews who were exiled by Nebuchadnezzar when they returned to Jerusalem after the exile spoke Aramaic and not the other. How did all these Jews learn Aramaic if not the language? President traded among the people?
But the Jews learned it so fluently that they left their old language and Aramaic (Syriac) became their main language in which they wrote the Targum, and when the exiled Jews wanted to rebuild the temple, the Persian king Artaxerxes (465–424 BC) prevented them from doing so, and the staff of Artaxerxes wrote In Jerusalem, a letter is written in Aramaic: "Bashlam, Mithridath, Tabeel, and all their companions wrote to Artaxerxes, king of Persia. Therefore, as mentioned above, the Aramaic tribe of Kalda and as a result of its fame and strength emerged its own name (Chaldean) at the expense of its ethnic name Aramaic, and this is more than normal in history, especially with the Aramean tribes, where we find that most of the Aramaic kingdoms that originated, including those Southern Mesopotamia was named after its tribes such as, Vkodo, Beth Yakini, Kumbolo, Beth Shilani, and others as will come.This also applies to the first Babylonian state whose name was associated with Hammurabi for his fame, where in some sources are the state of Hammurabi and the capital of Hammurabi The sources for the fame of Hammurabi prepared by the founder of the city of Ba Indeed, despite the existence of the city of Babylon before him, as well as the recent Assyrian Syriac Dynasty, which is contained in many historical sources in the name of the Sergeant Empire, although it is Assyrian and others.
As to the letter of St. Peter, in which he said that a woman sends a greeting to the believers from Babylon, “The chosen ones in Babylon shall be greeted with you and Mark my son (1 Peter 5:13).” Babylon is this village or locality in Samaria, inhabited by the people. Babylon, who was brought by the Assyrian king Sargon II (721--705 BC) with other peoples from Babylon and others, and dwelt in the cities of Samaria, the place of the Jews who carried them to Assyria, and the city of Kuth was one of the famous cities in Babylon was ancient and the people of Kuth The most prominent of these were the inhabitants of Samaria, until the Samaritans were called in the name of the Kotites for a long time
Note that the Jews returning from Babylon after captivity also formed great power and formed compounds and cultural centers in the name of Babylon, even that the historian Josephus (37–100 AD) issued a special copy of his historical studies for them, and there is another view is that the letter was written from Rome, which was described as Babylon was evil, adultery, debauchery, and sin, and these are mentioned in the book of 2 Kings (17: 24--30), who says: "The king of Assyria came with some people from Babylon, Coth, Awa, Hama, and Safaruaim, and dwelt in the cities of Samaria instead of the children of Israel. There they did not fear the Lord, and the Lord sent them sevenths, and they killed them As the Assyrians, saying, The nations whom I have exiled and dwelt in the cities of Samaria do not know the judgment of the God of the earth, and he sent them sevenths, because they do not know them, because they do not know the judgment of the God of the earth. And one of the priests who had carried them out of Samaria came and dwelt in Bethel, and taught them how to fear the LORD.And every nation did its gods, and put them in the high places which the Samaritans had made every nation in their cities where they dwelt. (2 Kings 17: 24--30). As a result of the name of St. Mark in this letter with the First Lady, and the relationship of Mark to the Egyptian home because he came to Egypt in about 62 AD, and that the letter was written during the persecution of Nero (54-68 AD) II, and the relationship of St. Peter to Mark, where he was his disciple and spiritual son third, The Alexandrians concluded that St. Peter had come to visit Mark in Egypt, and that the letter was written in a village founded by the refugees from Babylon near Cairo on behalf of Babylon, and at the time of writing the letter was a Roman military camp whose effects are still existing today, and that the lady may be the wife of St. Peter because she was Mark's father's cousin, and Clement of Alexandria says it was Ka A well-known figure in the early church, St. Peter took her with him on his missionary journeys (1 Corinthians 9: 5), and she was martyred before Peter's eyes where he encouraged her by saying, "Remember the Lord."
Source
Mowaffak Nesco, Syriac The Real Name of the Arameans, Assyrians and Chaldeans Bisan Publishing, Beirut 2012, pp. 247-258.
Ali Abu Assaf, Arameans p. 22. Well d. Antoine Mutcart, The History of the Ancient Near East, p. 348.
Some historians divide the 11 strains of Babylon into two strains, the first being in the Hammurabi era and the second Chaldean, and sometimes to three or four strains where they abbreviate the strains (2-10) by one or two because they were weak, so the Chaldean strain is sometimes called the third or fourth, but called Eleventh is finer.
Chaldean Bishop Eugene Mina, Chaldean Arabic Dictionary, p. 338.
Ibn al-Ibri, a brief history of states p. 43. As well as Hassan bin Bahloul Syriac-Arabic dictionary p. 1212. See also wishing guide on the name of Nebo, p. 427.
See Mutcart, History of the Ancient Near East, Chaldean Empire Triumph of Aramaic, p. 348. Ahmed Sousse, Arabs and Jews in History, (Chaldean Arameans) p. 209.
Fleisch Number 2,1947, p. 11, and Rosenthal Book 1939, pp. 72--73.
Hamed Abdul Qader, the High Nations, a review d. Awni Abdel Raouf, p. 80.
Ibid., P. 81.
Abraham is the son of Terah of the descendants of Kenan the son of Arphakshad, brother of Aram the son of Sam.
Dictionary of the Bible p. 944.
Father Paul Feghali, The Whole Ocean in the Bible and the Ancient East, p. 1287.
See Father Yusuf Hobbi, Mashreq Chaldean Assyrian Church, p. 31;
Robins Duval, History of Syriac Literature, translated by Father Louis Katsav, p. 22.
Chaldean Bishop Suleiman Al-Sayegh, History of Mosul, Vol. 2, p. 6.
Archbishop Eugene of us Chaldean, A Guide for those interested in the language of Arameans p. 13.
Bishop Saliba Shimon, Aramean Kingdoms p. 136.
According to Nehemiah 7: 66, the number of returnees was 42360, except those who remained in Babylon because they adapted and entered public life as employees, workers, and others.
Kut is a famous city in ancient Babylon, perhaps the capital of the first Sumerian Empire (present-day Tel Ibrahim, 20 miles northeast of Babylon), discovered by Hormuz Ressam (1881–1882), with a circumference of 3,000 feet and a height of 280 feet. There were tablets with the name "Judo or Kuta", and there is a hill near the temple to remember Abraham, and was a temple named "Eshdlom" dedicated to the Babylonian sun god "Nerjl", and Nerjl name Sommeri means "King of the great city", and was the god of war and master The underworld, and Nerjal found many traces of Mesopotamia, and Kuth was the center of his worship. See Taha Baqir's introduction, p. 513, on the transfer of these Jews to Kothe.
Scuth Benuth: The name of a fetish set up by the Babylonians in Samaria, meaning in Hebrew "umbrellas girls" where he practiced prostitution, or it was an umbrella containing statues of some gods. (Department of Biblical Knowledge c 4 p. 398).
تعليقات